The Battle of the Java Sea in World War II

The Battle of the Java Sea occurred on February 27, 1942, and was an early naval engagement of World War II (1939-1945) in the Pacific. With the beginning of fighting in the Dutch East Indies, Allied forces attempted to unite to slow the Japanese advance south towards Australia. This saw a combined American, British, Dutch, and Australian fleet formed to protect Java. In late February, this fleets Eastern Strike Force, led by Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, engaged the approaching Japanese in the Java Sea. In the resulting engagement, Doorman doggedly attacked the Japanese but proved unable to halt their advance. The battle concluded with the loss of the light cruisers HNLMS De Ruyter and Java as well as Doormans death. In the wake of the fighting, the remaining Allied ships fled though most were destroyed in separate actions a short time later. Background In early 1942, with the Japanese rapidly advancing south through the Dutch East Indies, the Allies attempted to mount a defense of Java in an effort to hold the Malay Barrier. Concentrating under the unified command known as American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command, Allied naval units were divided between bases at Tandjong Priok (Batavia) in the west and Surabaya in the east. Overseen by Dutch Vice Admiral Conrad Helfrich, ABDA forces were badly outnumbered and in poor condition for the approaching fight. To take the island, the Japanese formed two major invasion fleets. Japanese Attacks Along the Malay Barrier. US Army Center for Military History Japanese Sighted Sailing from Jolo in the Philippines, the Japanese Eastern Invasion Fleet was spotted by ABDA aircraft on February 25. This led Helfrich to reinforce Rear Admiral Karel Doormans Eastern Strike Force at Surabaya the next day with several ships from the Royal Navy. Upon their arrival, Doorman held a meeting with his captains to discuss the upcoming campaign. Departing that evening, Doormans force consisted of two heavy cruisers (USS Houston HMS Exeter), three light cruisers (HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java, HMAS Perth), as well as three British, two Dutch, and four American (Destroyer Division 58) destroyers. Sweeping the north coast of Java and Madura, Doormans ships failed to locate the Japanese and turned for Surabaya. A short distance to the north, the Japanese invasion force, protected by two heavy cruisers (Nachi Haguro), two light cruisers (Naka Jintsu), and fourteen destroyers, under Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, slowly moved towards Surabaya. At 1:57 PM on February 27, a Dutch scout plane located the Japanese approximately 50 miles north of the port. Receiving this report, the Dutch admiral, whose ships were beginning to enter the harbor, reversed course to seek battle. ABDA Commander Rear Admiral Karel Doorman2 heavy cruisers, 3 light cruisers, nine destroyers Japanese Commanders Rear Admiral  Takeo TakagiRear Admiral Shoji Nishimura2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, fourteen destroyers The Battle Begins Sailing north, Doormans exhausted crews prepared to meet the Japanese. Flying his flag from De Ruyter, Doorman deployed his ships in three columns with his destroyers flanking the cruisers. At 3:30 PM, a Japanese air raid forced the ABDA fleet to disperse. Around 4:00 PM, Jintsu spotted the re-formed ABDA ships to the south. Turning with four destroyers to engage, Jintsus column opened the battle at 4:16 PM as the Japanese heavy cruisers and additional destroyers came up in support. As both sides exchanged fire, Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimuras Destroyer Division 4 closed and launched a torpedo attack. Exeter Disabled Around 5:00 PM, Allied aircraft struck the Japanese transports but scored no hits. At the same time, Takagi, feeling the battle was drifting too close to the transports, ordered his ships to close with the enemy. Doorman issued a similar order and the range between the fleets narrowed. As the fighting intensified, Nachi struck Exeter with an 8 shell that disabled most of the ships boilers and created confusion in the ABDA line. Badly damaged, Doorman ordered Exeter to return to Surabaya with the destroyer HNLMS Witte de With as an escort. The Sides Close Shortly thereafter, the destroyer HNLMS Kortenaer was sunk by a Japanese Type 93 Long Lance torpedo. His fleet in disarray, Doorman broke off the battle to reorganize. Takagi, believing the battle was won, ordered his transports to turn south towards Surabaya. Around 5:45 PM, the action was renewed as Doormans fleet turned back towards the Japanese. Finding that Takagi was crossing his T, Doorman ordered his destroyers forward to attack the approaching Japanese light cruisers and destroyers. In the resulting action, the destroyer Asagumo was crippled and HMS Electra sunk. Repeated Attacks At 5:50, Doorman swung his column around to a southeast heading and ordered the American destroyers to cover his withdrawal. In response to this attack and concerns about mines, Takagi turned his force north shortly before sunset. Unwilling to give in, Doorman steamed away into the darkness before planning another strike on the Japanese. Turning northeast then northwest, Doorman hoped to swing around Takagis ships to reach the transports. Anticipating this, and confirmed by sightings from spotter planes, the Japanese were in position to meet the ABDA ships when they reappeared at 7:20 PM. After a brief exchange of fire and torpedoes, the two fleets separated again, with Doorman taking his ships inshore along the Java coast in another attempt to circle around the Japanese. At approximately 9:00 PM, the four American destroyers, out of torpedoes and low on fuel, detached and returned to Surabaya. Over the next hour, Doorman lost his last two destroyers when HMS Jupiter was sunk by a Dutch mine and HMS Encounter was detached to pick up survivors from Kortenaer. A Final Clash Sailing on with his four remaining cruisers, Doorman moved north and was spotted by lookouts aboard Nachi at 11:02 PM. As the ships began to exchange fire, Nachi and Haguro fired spreads of torpedoes. One from Haguro fatally struck De Ruyter at 11:32 PM exploding one of its magazines and killing Doorman. Java was hit by one of Nachis torpedoes two minutes later and sank. Obeying Doormans final orders, Houston and Perth fled the scene without stopping to pick up survivors. Aftermath The Battle of the Java Sea was a resounding victory for the Japanese and effectively ended meaningful naval resistance by ABDA forces. On February 28, Takagis invasion force began landing troops forty miles to the west of Surabaya at Kragan. In the fighting, Doorman lost two light cruisers and three destroyers, as well as one heavy cruiser badly damaged and around 2,300 killed. Japanese losses numbered one destroyer badly damaged and another with moderate damage. HMS Exeter sinks during the Second Battle of the Java Sea, March 1, 1942. US Naval History Heritage Command Though soundly defeated, that the Battle of the Java Sea lasted seven hours is a testament to Doormans determination to defend the island at all costs. Many of the remaining units of his fleet were subsequently destroyed at the Battle of the Sunda Strait (February 28/March 1) and the Second Battle of the Java Sea (March 1). Many of the wrecks of those ships lost at the Battle of the Java Sea and the subsequent actions have been destroyed by illegal salvage operations.

Description Of 1984s Characters - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? Governments can lead their populations to be their own and do great things, or it can take total control and brainwash their society into believing everything they tell them. In the book 1984, George Orwell explores the human mind when it comes to power, control, and corruption. The protagonist, Winston, wrestles with oppression in a dystopian society where individuality doesn’t exist. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Description Of 1984s Characters" essay for you Create order This book is set in Oceania, a place where the Party scrutinizes human actions with its leader Big Brother, who seeks control over the population by implementing restrictions, surveillance, and propaganda. The main characters of 1984 reveal themselves to be good, righteous people who struggle against a controlling government. Initially, the characters of 1984 are good because they have a need to be brave to get through the struggling times the government puts them through. To Begin, Winston describes the nightmarish world he lives in by introducing it as you had to live—did live, from habit that became instinct—in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every moment scrutinized† (Orwell 6-7). The characters are forced to be brave because he lives in the dark, pessimistic world the government has created. Furthermore, when Winston returned to the room, â€Å"his mother had disappearedNothing was gone from the room except his mother and his sister† (135). Winston never knew what happened to his mother and sister, but always suspected they had been vaporized. He had to be brave because he didn’t have his family anymore and was all alone. Lastly, O’Brien tortures Winston through the three reintegration stages of â€Å"learning, understanding, and acceptance† (215). Winston has to be brave because of the cruel torture O’Brien is putting him through, so his perspective will alike with the government’s. So overall, 1984 characters were brave to get through times of struggle. Secondly, the characters of 1984 are good because they fight for better conditions. To start, Winston demonstrates his defiance and revolutionary view by using a diary as a secure place to keep his thoughts, for example, repeatedly writing â€Å"down with Big Brother† (19). Even Though Winston is aware expressing or even having thoughts against Big Brother is considered a thought crime, he can’t accept their philosophy. Moreover, Winston writes about the present so that people in the future will have an accurate view of the past (35). Winston wants future generations to know what a harsh world it used to be, so they have true knowledge about the past in case future governments will try to hide it from them. Finally, Winston goes against the party and O’Brien and explains that even though the party says two plus two equals five, it actually equals four (206). Winston defies the government’s point of view and says what is correct and the truth. In conclusion, because they fought for better conditions, the 1984 characters are good. On the other hand, people believe the characters of 1984 are intrinsically corrupt people who should not serve the role of protagonists because they do bad things. First of all, Winston has an illegal relationship with Julia (106). The characters are corrupt because Winston’s affair with Julia boosts his ego and so continues with hope other rebels will unite with him against the party. Next, it is revealed of Julia that â€Å"she had her first love affair when she was sixteen, with a party member of sixty† (109). Julia is a corrupted character because she just sleeps around with different party members. This argument displays hasty generalization because not every character in Oceania has their first loved affair at age sixteen. Lastly, after Winston and Julia’s journey together, played is â€Å"under the spreading chestnut tree, I sold you and you sold me† (241). Julia and Winston are both corrupted characters because even though they had feelings for each other they call each other out in an attempt to protect themselves. This argument shows hasty generalization because not every character in Oceania gets caught for doing something bad and sells out someone close to them in attempt to save themselves To conclude, though others believe the characters are corrupt and should not serve as protagonists, their ideas prove to be false. In Conclusion, the main 1984 characters show themselves to be good people who struggle against a controlling government throughout the story. The characters are good because they need to be brave to get through struggling times the government puts them through. Also, they are righteous because they rebel against the party because what the government is doing wrong. In this story, the government controls and brainwashes its society into believing everything they tell them.

10 Facts about Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch is one of the largest cities in New Zealand and it is the largest city located on the countrys South Island.  Christchurch was named by the Canterbury Association in 1848 and it was officially established on July 31, 1856, making it the oldest city in New Zealand. The official Maori name for the city is Otautahi.Christchurch has recently been in the news due to a large magnitude 6.3 earthquake that hit the region on the afternoon of February 22, 2011. The massive earthquake killed at least 65 people (according to early CNN reports) and trapped hundreds more in rubble. Phone lines were knocked out and buildings all over the city were destroyed — some of which were historic. In addition, many of Christchurchs roads were damaged in the earthquake and several areas of the city were flooded after water mains broke.This was the second large earthquake to hit New Zealands South Island in recent months. On September 4, 2010 a magnitude 7.0 earthquake hit 30 miles (45 km ) west of Christchurch and damaged sewers, broke water and gas lines. Despite the earthquakes size however, there were no fatalities reported. 10 Geographic Facts About Christchurch It is believed that the Christchurch area was first settled in 1250 by tribes hunting the now-extinct moa, a large flightless bird that was endemic to New Zealand. In the 16th century, the Waitaha tribe migrated to the area from the North Island and began a period of war. Shortly thereafter however, the Waitaha were driven out of the area by the Ngati Mamoe tribe. The Ngati Mamoe were then taken over by the Ngai Tahu who controlled the region until Europeans arrived.In early 1840, whaling Europeans arrived and established whaling stations in what is now Christchurch. In 1848, the Canterbury Association was founded to form a colony in the region and in 1850 pilgrims began to arrive. These Canterbury Pilgrims has goals of building a new city around a cathedral and college like Christ Church, Oxford in England. As a result, the city was given the name Christchurch on March 27, 1848.On July 31, 1856, Christchurch became the first official city in New Zealand and it quickly grew as more E uropean settlers arrived. In addition, New Zealands first public railway was constructed in 1863 to make moving heavy goods from Ferrymead (today a suburb of Christchurch) to Christchurch quicker.Today the economy of Christchurch is based largely on agriculture from the rural areas surrounding the city. The largest agricultural products of the region are wheat and barley as well as wool and meat processing. In addition, wine is a growing industry in the region.Tourism is also a large part of Christchurchs economy. There are a number of ski resorts and national parks in the nearby Southern Alps. Christchurch is also historically known as a gateway to Antarctica as it has a long history of being a departure point for Antarctic exploration expeditions. For example, both Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton departed from the port of Lyttelton in Christchurch and according to Wikipedia.org, the Christchurch International Airport is a base for the New Zealand, Italian and United Stat es Antarctic exploration programs.Some of Christchurchs other major tourist attractions include several wildlife parks and reserves, art galleries and museums, the International Antarctic Centre and the historic Christ Church Cathedral (which was damaged in the February 2011 earthquake).Christchurch is located in New Zealands Canterbury region on its South Island. The city has coastlines along the Pacific Ocean and the estuaries of the Avon and Heathcote Rivers. The city has an urban population of 390,300 (June 2010 estimate) and covers an area of 550 square miles (1,426 sq km).Christchurch is a highly planned city that is based on a central city square that has four different city squares surrounding the central one. In addition, there is a parklands area in the center of the city and this is where the historic Cathedral Square, home of the Christ Church Cathedral, is located.The city of Christchurch is also geographically unique because it is one of the worlds eight pairs of citie s that have a near-exact antipodal city (a city on the exact opposite side of the earth). A Coruà ±a, Spain is Christchurchs antipode.The climate of Christchurch is dry and temperate that is highly influenced by the Pacific Ocean. Winters are often cold and summers are mild. The average January high temperature in Christchurch is 72.5ËšF (22.5ËšC), while the July average is 52ËšF (11ËšC).To learn more about Christchurch, visit the citys official tourism website.SourceCNN Wire Staff. (22 February 2011). New Zealand City in Ruins After Quake Kills 65. CNN World. Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/02/22/new.zealand.earthquake/index.html?hptC1Wikipedia.org. (22 February). Christchurch - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch

Guthrie Essay - 854 Words

Everyone thinks differently and W. K. C Guthrie explains in his book The Greek Philosophers that philosophers think in a simple equation format. That equation, temperament x experience x previous philosophers, explains how philosophers abstain from â€Å"thinking in a void.† According to Guthrie this equation is the reason that â€Å"answers to the ultimate questions of philosophy have been so widely different† (Guthrie 19). Looking at a specific philosopher, Plato for example, this equation may be further analyzed. The first variable, temperament, is shown by Plato’s personality and interests, such as his concern for politics depicted in Plato’s Republic. The next, experience, explains why Plato has fixations with the ideas he possesses and the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He [Plato] maintained that the objects of knowledge, the things which could be defined, did exist, but were not to be identified with anything in the perceptible world. Their ex istence was in an ideal world outside space and time† (Guthrie 88) Guthrie goes on to explain that these two â€Å"worlds† would be known as the ‘’World of Forms’’ and the ‘’World of Becoming.’’ Plato’s experiences of the two worlds are illustrated by the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave,† a fictional narrate of the journey of a philosopher, more specifically Plato. The cave is used as a metaphor of the world of becoming. While the shackled only see what they believe is reality, digging deeper will reveal the shadows on the wall are a false sense of being. It takes the â€Å"philosopher† being unshackled to be enlightened by the outside world of the essences of ideas, which Plato describes as the â€Å"world of forms.† Plato’s experience in this â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† has led to the idea of the inequality of intelligence which explains that not everyone is so blessed to be the â€Å"Philosopher King.† The title also lays the foundation for the highest honor in Plato’s Republic. However, Plato’s teacher, Socrates, thought the opposite that there is an equality of intelligence. The two philosophers are each other’s influences and have a profound effect on philosophy as we know it. The final and arguably most important factor in Guthrie’sShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Accounting And Private Sector1534 Words   |  7 Pagesadoption of ‘accrual basis’ of accounting rather than ‘cash basis’ accounting by increasing number of countries (Guthrie and Ryan 1998). Meanwhile, public sectors refer specifically to organizations owned by government and private sectors refer to those organizations which are not government, owned and run by individuals and companies for profit-oriented (Investopedia 2014). In this essay, there are several accounting issues to be discussed, include the development of sector neutral ity, advantagesRead MoreNonverbal Forms of Communication that Can Be Used in Building a Thearpeutic Relationship1220 Words   |  5 Pagesare instances where the most common methods of communication are not enough. Children who have been abused often lack the verbal language skills needed to convey the horror of what has happened to them (Scheeringa, Weems, Cohen, Amaya-Jackson, Guthrie, 2011). In 2011 alone, over 61,000 cases of child sexual abuse were reported in the United States of America (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2011). The number that was reported is staggering enough without factoring in how many wereRead MoreCorruption in China1319 Words   |  6 PagesWhile corruption is said to generate inefficiency and retard growth in a country (Ackerman, 1997), China manages to deliver astronomical economic growth amidst rampant corruption (Li, Peng, 2001). 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By first constructing a definition of guanxi which counters more formally rigid definitions (see: Guthrie 1998; Li 2011), in search of a working definition, this essay will abandon the hunt for a definitive, universally held ‘truth.’ Due to the variety of ways in which guanxi is viewed, ultimately there is no such solid definition to be found. Rather, the study of guanxi benefits fromRead MoreThe Fundamental Principle Of Concept Of Parsimony1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof a reward in a maze, then eventually be able to run the maze faster as they would mentally remember the routes. However Tolman’s rat experiment was criticized by many behaviourists. He was said to have left many of the rats buried in thought (Guthrie, 1952). In fact, the predictions made by Tolman in regards to his cognitive approach under conditions, were seen as indistinguishable. But Tolman continued to insist that one could in fact demonstrate those of his hypothetical unobservable associationsRead MoreSummary Of Don t Eat The Marshmallow ! By Joachim De Posada1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction All the videos reflected in the following essay are full of accurate and original thoughts of brilliant people. TED Talks is a great project and I strongly believe that future of education and online learning belongs to it. Though all the videos have been picked by chance almost all of them happened to be somehow connected to the different view and concept of originality. Speaking differently it may be said that some of the videos are concentrated on presenting things in different lightRead MoreUnderstanding And Teaching Informational Writing1557 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidering up to date research and theory. This paper will demonstrate the knowledge that I possess over how students at the kindergarten level learn, develop and apply writing strategies to comprehend informational text. Throughout the following essay my unit topic of informational writing will be discussed. Next, I will talk about how this topic connects with balanced literacy and give an overview on what exactly it is. Then, I describe the literary stages that a typical kindergarten student wouldRead MoreWhy Students Must Learn a Foreign Langauge Essay524 Words   |  3 Pagesable to answer one question. The question is what helps you get a better job, fights Alzheimer’s, and helps you later in life? If you answered that question and the answer wasn’t being bilingual or close to that answer then you may need to read the essay over again. We have answered one several problems above with only one answer kids need to study a foreign language. So by what you have read being bilingual can not only help you but the world. Works Cited Introduction to Should the United States

The Medium Of Art By Leonardo Da Vinci s Mona Lisa

Of all the creative mediums in existence, of which there are a plethora to discover, the medium of Art, although recognized by most as a legitimate creative medium, is one of the most controversial. However, in the subject of practical artwork, sculptures, paintings, and performance artworks, the idea of a definitive artwork is almost non-existent. Although there are artworks that exist, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, which are known seemingly universally (Torov, 2011), there are few critics or viewers who can explain just what exactly constitutes it as a good artwork. This investigation appears to become universal to many other artworks, an argument that arises between technical mastery, motives, and meaning, if any at all. That is to say that interpretation battles against visual astonishment. However, although the visuals are by far the most striking part of almost any artwork, the first thing that most look for beyond the visual elements is the story being told within the visuals. It is for this reason that many war-time, or significant event paintings are remembered; it’s well known, and is a story that is being told constantly through all mediums, within the realm of out, and outside that same realm. Untitled (Perfect Lovers) by Felix Gonzalez Torres Felix Gonzlaez Torres is known throughout the art world as being one of those most creative and unique artist, particularly for his instalment artworks, minimalistic style and the ability to create what heShow MoreRelatedDa Vinci : A Genius And The Definition Of A Renaissance Man1326 Words   |  6 PagesDa Vinci has been called a genius and the definition of a Renaissance man. â€Å"Renaissance man† as â€Å"A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences.† This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were skillful artists and scientists, but Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance man†. His talents without a doubt extended far beyond his artistic works. 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Annual Report of Wesfarmers-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework of accounting and application of accounting standards in real life annual reports of the Companies. Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers limited is a public company and belongs to the conglomerate industry. It is having its headquarters in Perth, Western Australia. The company is serving various areas such as Australia, Bangladesh, Ireland, New Zealand and United Kingdom. The company is basically dealing in chemicals, mining of coal, fertilizers and other products related to safety. It was founded in the year 1914. The key people engaged in operations of the company are Michael Chaney and Richard Goyder. The company is the largest employer in Australia and is employing around 220000 employees in its company. It is also having various subsidiaries such as Bunnings Warehouse, Coles supermarkets etc. This report is basically being prepared in order to analyze the impact of IFRS on the financial statements and also the impact of IFRS on the qualitative characteristics of financial statements. Detailed research The important qualitative characteristics of financial reporting are as follows: Understandability: The financial report should be prepared in a manner that it is understandable thus they should possess basic understanding level hence the financial statements should have proper explanations in regard to each and every aspect. Reliability: The financial report should be prepared in a manner that it does not possess any kind of error and is not having biasness. Thus the report should be complete in each and every aspect. Relevance: The financial report should be prepared in a manner that it is providing relevant information so that the users are able to take proper decision making. The financial reports should give information in regard to financial position of the company and also help in predicting the financial position of the company. (Hasaan Fazal, 2011) Comparability: The information contained in the financial report should be comparable and thus the financial information should be able to be compared over time and also with other companies of same nature. The financial statements will be said to be comparable if they are being prepared as per the international accounting standards. Verifiability: This characteristic requires that the information presented in the financial statements is being faithfully represented from the sources and that the users of the financial statements can easily take upon the consensus on the basis of the information. Timeliness: This characteristic assures that the information should be timely available to the users of the financial statements and thus the information should be able to effect and influence the decision making of the users of the financial statements. As per the article, the international accounting standards are rendered unusable from the point of view of the investors. The international financial reporting standards lead to misinterpretation of accounts as the reporting standards require a lot of professional training and the lack of knowledge may lead to misleading results from the financial reports. Some of the international financial reporting standards are not consistent with the accounting aspects and still the professionals and accountants are still using them. The members of the board are constantly using them as they feel there is no substitute for the international financial reporting standards. (Gjerde, O., Knivsfla, K., Saettem, F. 2008) There are various negative issues that are connected with the implementation of the international financial reporting standards: The results of the evaluation of the results of the company who have adopted the international financial reporting standards shows that the quality of the earnings that are using IFRS is not high as the IFRS concentrate on low levels of income and high levels of loss recognition which leads to lower levels of income and the low quality of earnings. The CEO and directors believe that the adoption of the IFRS had led to the uncertainty in the tax positions in the company. The directors have also provided that the results of the adoption of the international financial reporting standards are not in consistency with the basic accounting concepts and had also led to ineffective results. The correct implementation of the international reporting financial standards requires high level of professional knowledge and thus the lack of knowledge may lead to misleading results and hence the misinterpretation of results. Effect of the IFRS on the annual report of Wesfarmers The areas which have been benefited by the application of IFRS and thus the qualitative and enhancing qualitative characteristics are present are as follows: The revenues are depicting the clear picture of the financial position of the company as the revenue is being correctly measured on the basis of the fair value of the consideration which is to be received and it is only recognized in the books when the criteria specified for the purpose of recognition are being satisfied. The employee benefit expense and the expenses related to occupancy are being correctly recorded in the books of accounts and are thus enhancing the qualitative characteristics of information and providing relevant and reliable information in regard to different type of expenses. (Paola Zanella, 2014) The cash and cash equivalent had been correctly shown in the books in accordance with the international reporting financial standards and is correctly providing all the qualitative characteristics of the financial information and the users are able to easily and effectively take decisions accordingly. The property, plant and equipment have been correctly shown in the books of accounts and they have been accordingly recognized and depreciation had been carried on them in accordance with the rules of IFRS. Hence the enhancing qualitative characteristics have been fulfilled in this attribute of financial statements. The users are thus able to take decisions in regard to financial position of the company on the basis of the balance of the property, plant and equipment. The capital, equity and reserves correctly fulfill the qualitative characteristics of the financial information. The inclusions in the reserves and capital have been made in accordance with the guidelines issued in regard to IFRS disclosures and hence it is depicting clear picture of the financial position of the company and will help the investors in accordingly planning their investment. (Paola Zanella, 2014) The areas which show that IFRS had not satisfied the qualitative characteristics of the financial information are as follows: IFRS had not satisfied all the qualitative characteristics and it is not providing reliable and relevant information in regard to the recognition and measurement of the tax liabilities. It is creating various type of uncertainty in regard to recognition of the tax expense in the books of accounts. The current taxes and deferred taxes is not providing clear picture in regard to the overall tax issues of the company. The receivables does not provide clear information and the recognition of the net realizable value requires various judgments to be made by the management which requires professional knowledge and thus the lack of knowledge may lead to misleading results and various misrepresentations. Hence it is not satisfying the qualitative characteristics of the financial information. The qualitative characteristics does not exist in the field of recognition and measurement of goodwill and intangible assets as the key judgments are required for the purpose of deciding the useful life of the intangible assets and hence calculating the amount of amortization each and every year. Thus the inappropriate assumption by the management in the field of intangible asset may lead to inappropriate financial statements and thus the misinterpretation. The provisions are also being recognized on the basis of the estimate hence they are not satisfying the qualitative characteristics of the financial information. As the estimates are being prepare on the basis of discounting the future cash flows. Thus the provisions requires deep knowledge and care in order to prepare the correct and appropriate estimates thus it may lead to improper financial results and information in the hands of the users of the financial statements. The analysis of the annual report of Wesfarmers limited show that reconciliation statement which is being prepared in regard to adjustments of earnings does not provide any new information. The analysis also provides that the adjustments which are done in regard to changes in the amount of provisions and intangibles had not been correctly provided and disclosed in the books of account. The financial statements are prepared in a complex manner which is revealed as per the annual report of Wesfarmers limited. Hence the investors are not able to effectively evaluate the results shown by the annual reports. (John R. McGowan, 2009) The other problems that have been found during the analysis of the annual report of the Wesfarmers limited are as under: The organizational structure of the company is suffering from inefficiency and thus the productivity of the management towards the organizational objectives is decreasing and this may adversely affect the financial position and growth of the company. The management of the company had not been changed from past many years which shows that the management is not using new and innovative ways of operations and thus the operations are being carried out in a manner which is comfortable for the existing management system hence the changes are not being done in the organization. The organizational structure of the company had led to conflicts amongst the various departmental managers and one manager is trying to focus its own motive at the cost of other departments and thus the level of loyalty amongst the departments is very less. There is lack of effective communication in the organizational structure which may lead to increase in errors and thus the level of errors may lead to manipulation and frauds in the data. The different departments are focusing their own goals and are not concentrating on achieving the overall goals of the organization due to lack of effective organizational structure. The divisions of the company are not working effectively as they are undertaking competition amongst the departments which leads to reduction in the overall productivity of the organization. (Becis, T., Ng, C. Roca, E. 2006) Literature review on impact of IFRS on financial statements of the company Katerina Struharova, Karel steker, Milana Otrusinova (2011) : This literature review indicates the shifting of the preparation of the financial statements as per the IFRS. Naseem Ahmad and Professor Nawab Ali Khan (2010): This literature review indicates that companies should concentrate on adopting financial statements in the coming years. Amanda Paul and Eddy Burks (2009): This literature review provides that financial statements should be prepared as per international financial reporting standards. Joanna Yeoh, Kimberley Crook (2008): This literature review indicates that international reporting financial standards will be used in order to achieve long term goals. Michel Blanchette (2007): This literature review provides that IFRS is a evolution in the economy. Impact of IFRS on financial statements The IFRS is having different impacts which include both the positive and negative impacts on the financial statements of the company which are as follows: The proper utilization of IFRS in the financial statements of the company will improve the level of relevance of the accounting reports prepared by the company. It provides that the effective utilization will help in promoting comparability in the company by using the standard and practices which are also used by the peers. The other positive outcome that will arise by way of effective implementation of the international reporting financial standards is that it will be very beneficial for the investors as it will provide high level of accuracy in the field of forecasts being prepared in regard to the company. The managers are bound to work in accordance with the prescribed standards and ensure that they are being prepared in accordance with the appropriate international financial reporting standards. The above analysis had shown that IFRS is having different negative impacts on the society and investors but it depends on the perception of the investors and it can be beneficial in the following ways in the following manner: The investors thus need to properly read and observe the financial statements that are being prepared in accordance with the international reporting financial standards. The problem of alternative measures in regard to profit had been developed in order to avoid the criticism of the IFRS. There is complexity in the evaluation of the financial statements prepared in accordance with the international reporting financial standards but the complexity can be solved by gathering proper information in regard to the preparation of the statements as per the international financial reporting standards. The statements prepared as per the IFRS will help in delivering the expected benefits by using proper steps in regard to audit and regulatory measures. Conclusions Wesfarmers had used international reporting financial standards in the preparation of the financial statements and the annual report that is being issued to different interested users of the company. The company is facing various kinds of negative issues after implementation of the international financial reporting standards in the preparation of the financial statements of the company. The company is getting various issues due to problem of provisions, earnings and amounts of impairment on the intangible assets. Thus I agree that the issues raised by CEO are genuine and the implementation of IFRS in the financial statements of the company may lead to problem of misrepresentation of the position of the company. But the company can come out of the adverse issues connected with the implementation of IFRS by influencing the investors to properly read the financial statements. The investors should be given information that the financial statements prepared by the company are adequate. The financial statements will be having the competitive advantage if they are prepared after proper guidance in regard to the preparation of the financial statements. The complexity in the financial statements prepared as per IFRS can be easily solved by properly y examined understanding the concepts related to IASB conceptual framework. IFRS requires use of the judgment by various managers in regard to the accounting concepts. The judgments and accounting estimates should be clearly disclosed in the financial state ments of the company so that the investors are having clear and complete information in regard to preparation of the financial statements of the company. Thus they will be able to understand the statements in an effective manner. The rules specified in regard to the requirements of IFRS should be proper examined so that there is no misunderstanding in relation to interpretation and it will not lead to misleading results. Thus the contention of CEO was correct while evaluating the results of implementation of IFRS. Hence IFRS needs to be very carefully used in the preparation of the financial statements as they require a code of conduct and training needs to be given to the employees, managers and investors so as to achieve successful results. Wesfarmers limited will also be able toa chive desired results on overcoming the negative issues. References: Hasaan Fazal, 2011, What are the important Qualitative characteristics of Financial Statements?; Available at: https://pakaccountants.com/qualitative-characteristics-financial-statements/ Isabel Maria, Manuel Emlio, 2014, Main Consequences of IFRS Adoption: Analysis of Existing Literature and Suggestions for Further Research; Available at: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/rcf/2015nahead/1519-7077-rcf-201500090.pdf MAFK International, 2013, How IFRS effects your business; Available at: https://mafkinternational.com/2013/07/25/how-ifrs-effects-your-business/ Paola Zanella, 2014, The Negative Effects of International Financial Reporting Standards; Available at: https://www.knowledge.unibocconi.eu/notizia.php?idArt=13916 https://www.ox.ac.uk/research/research-impact/revealing-hidden-impact-international-financial-reporting-standards-ifrs-0 University of Oxford, 20xx, Revealing the hidden impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS); Available at: https://www.thetaxadviser.com/issues/2009/dec/theeffectofifrsimplementationontax.html John R. McGowan, 2009, The Effect of IFRS Implementation on Tax; Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/other/framework 2005, The IASB conceptual framework An Introduction; Available at: https://www.accountingweb.co.uk/business/financial-reporting/the-iasb-conceptual-framework-an-introduction Sofie Van Der Meulen, Ann Gaeremynck, Marleen Willekens (2006) The Influence of Specific Accounting Differences on the Choice Between IFRS or US GAAP,- (Journal of Business Finance Accounting, Vol. 33, No. 3-4, pp. 329-373, April 2006) Philip D Palmer(2008) ? Disclosure of the impacts of adopting Australian equivalents of International Financial Reporting Standards?. Accounting and Finance. Clayton: Dec 2008. Vol. 48, Iss. 5; pg. 847 NEVIUS, A. M. (June, 2008). How Will IFRS Affect Tax Practitioners? Journal of Accountancy Marie Lambert, Georges Hbner, Pierre-Armand Michel, Henri Olivier (2006) The Impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on Market Microstructure in Europe, - (The International Journal of Accounting 34 (1): 121-131). Cheney, B. G. (november 2007). If IFRS Offer the Answer,They Sure Raise a Lot of Questions. financial executive , 21-23 Nicolas Pawsey, 2016, The Impact of IFRS adoption in Australia: evidence from acedmic research; Available at: https://apo.org.au/node/69547 Gjerde, O., Knivsfla, K., Saettem, F. (2008). The value-relevance of adopting IFRS: Evidence from 145 NGAAP restatements.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 17(2), 92-112. Vishnani S., and Shah B. K.,2008, Value relevance of published financial statements- With special Emphasis on Impact of cash flow reporting, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 17, 84-90 John A. Goodwin, Kamran Ahmed, Richard A. Heaney, 2008, The Effects of International Financial Reporting Standards on the Accounts and Accounting Quality of Australian Firms: A Retrospective Study, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222404616_The_Effects_of_International_Financial_Reporting_Standards_on_the_Accounts_and_Accounting_Quality_of_Australian_Firms_A_Retrospective_Study Kamran Ahmed, Manzurul Alam, 2012, The effect of IFRS adoption on the Financial Reports of Local Government Entities; Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, Volume 6, Issue 3; Available at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1370context=aabfj Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB), 2004,First-time adoption of Australian equivalents to international financial reporting standards. AASB 1. In: CA Financial Reporting Handbook 2005, Wiley, Queensland, pp.47-96 Becis, T., Ng, C. Roca, E. 2006, The impact of the adoption of the Australian International Financial Reporting Standards on profits and equity of Australian companies, unpublished paper, Griffith University

Theories Of Crime And Criminology Behavior - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Theories Of Crime And Criminology Behavior. Answer: Introduction Gender and crime are two interrelated terms and help in bringing out different perspectives on deviance. One of such perspectives is the feminists approach where the different aspects of the criminal justice system are stated to be affected as a result of the difference in the approach adopted towards the genders. Crime is something which is committed by both men and women, but it also cannot be denied that men commit more serious crime against women and that women are mostly the victims of criminal activities (Kruttschnitt, 2013). Feminist perspective majorly relates to the stereotyping of the women in the criminal justices system, which includes them being victims and even perpetrators of heinous crimes, in addition to being the justice providers under this system, due to their perceived soft nature. The key belief of feminism is that men and women are equal. The feminism perspective is thus aimed towards getting an equalized treatment when it comes to gender and crime and also sho ws that there is equality between the genders under criminology (Belknap, 2014). In the following parts, the feminist perspective has been critically evaluated in order to analyse their contribution to criminology. Critical Analysis Feminism is not a single theory and expands to a diverse set of agendas and perspectives. The need for feminism perspective stems from the fact that in all the guises of criminology, women are ignored to a huge extent (Bryson, 2016). The formation, production and even the dissemination of criminological knowledge is dominated by men and their discussions. It has been stated that the developments in the 20th century criminology have been inhabited by men alone, and the experiences of women are not even registered for passing comments by the researchers. Even when women are noted, the same is done just through the eyes of men or the male youth. This is the reason why women are always deemed as victims of crimes or weak and feeble creations. Women are victimized when it comes to crime and they become the target of heinous crimes, particularly from sexual assault and domestic abuse. This perceived feeble biological and psychological nature of women has portrayed them as victims of crime more often than their male counterparts (Connell, 2014). Criminal justice systems have, as per the arguments of feminists, neglected the victimization of women and as a result of this ignorance, the female exploitation continues. Even when it is known that crime is conducted against women more often than men, the conviction for rape remains low, which shows the bias. Till a few years back, it was possible for a man to kill his wife after raping her and plead provocation. Even though women used to stay silent in the past about abuses and assaults, the changed times have led to voice being raised against such criminal activities against women. There is also an underrepresentation of women in criminal justice field which has further fuelled the need for a feministic perspective. Women, owing to them being deemed as the caring section, are usually present in the Probation Service Staff. And when it comes to the stricter positions, they are dominated by the males owing to them being deemed as strict and stronger. So, the criminal justice system adopted an asymmetric approach towards gender (Rosenfeld and Penrod, 2011). Feminist criminology was born in late 1960s and 1970s and this was deemed as a second wave of feminism movement which helped in projecting issues which had an impact over the women in public domain. This view helped in gaining an understanding on the women being victims and also the perpetrators of crime. The relationship of criminology and feminism had been embedded with rich exploration of discipline, policy, methods and epistemology. The existing theories and concepts in the criminology field were challenged with this perspective. The critique of British Criminology, Carol Smart (1976) made an observation that women accounted for a very small percentage as being offenders, which led to the focus being placed on women and crime as an issue. It had been argued by Smart that there is a discrimination against women on the basis of sex, and sexism influences the determination of sentencing, punishment and incarceration of women (Simpson, 1989). The police, judges and the other personne l in the criminal justice system have been blamed for the stereotyping of women where it is assumed that a woman would go mad where they go against their biological nature of compliance or passivity and thus commit some criminal activity. This view has been furthered by Spelman who have stated that crime has overlooked the difference as an issue. She placed an argument that feminists concentrated on the privileged women and this results in stereotypical outlooks towards the female offenders (Simpson, 1989). Conversely, the dramatic upsurge of women in criminal activities is seen as the second wave of feminism by Alder. Alder (1995) has placed the argument that even when women were fighting for equal opportunity in context of the male counterparts, the determined women made their way in the key crime scenes like the white collar crimes, robbery and murder. Apart from this, he also stated that the climbing corporate ladder is also changing the nature in the growing involvement of women in criminal activities. The feminist scholars basically attempted challenge the approach of male criminology and towards rectification of the failure in addressing the role played by women when it came to crime and criminal activities. A study was conducted in 1979 by Cerkovich and Giordano for women between the ages of 17 to 29. These studies showed that the response of more liberated participants was less delinquent. An example of this was when they discovered that women responding to the women being involved in the work force instead of staying at home and carrying domestic chores were the least delinquent. When a study on women prisoners was conducted, it was further shown that a high number of women came from impoverished and uneducated backgrounds. The motives of their offending were not liberated which was contrary to the theory of Alder on emancipation conformity posing an offending opportunity. It had been highlighted by Farrington that women were not subjected to severe punishments when compared to the males. It also came to the notice that women indulged in less serious crime and used less violence. Along with this, the feminists in criminology field used defences like post natal depression as giving the reason for their offending. There have also been cited the biological reasons in the majority cases of female criminality which shows that the society has ignored the social and economical reasons behind the offending by females (Gelsthorpe Morris 1990). The work of feminists has not only developed a critique over the accumulated wisdom regarding the female victims and offenders, but they have also highlighted the institutional sexism in the criminological theories, practices and policies. As has been touched earlier, the treatment of women in courts shows that there is an assumed practice of chivalry which shows a huge misunderstanding regarding their sentencing, and the women who do not hold proper gender roles as being a good wife or a good mother, as seen as doubly deviant. The women who have been imprisoned have been shown to be promoted and enforced in domestic roles in the penal regimes. It has also been revealed by the feminist researchers that the girls are penalized for such behaviour which in case is no condoned in boys, is seen as normal (Gelsthorpe, 2003). However, this feminist view has been deemed by the mainstream criminological theorists as being politically driven instead of being neutral (Pinnick, Koertge, and Almeder 2003). Though, this very criticism can be weakened through the realization that all the theories, which includes the theories of such mainstream criminologist is value laden (Kathleen, 2006). Jody Miller (2003) has highlighted that the rejection of feminist criminology as being political holds critique which certainly could not be deemed s legitimate. It has been pointed out that some of the key critiques of this perspective have been formed from the debates carried out amongst the feminists. Feminists perspective has also been criticized for being primarily focused on heterosexual, white and middle class womens interests. It has been argued within the feminist criminology that this view deems men as criminal yardstick; the result of which is equating justice with equality, instead of taking into consideration the o ther influential views like ethnicity, race or social class. Another major criticism of feminism perspective stems from the need of reconciling the difference amongst them in order to steer clear of polarization, especially when it comes to sexuality. This is particularly important due to the factions formed between the feministic perspectives, which include racial feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, cultural feminism and liberal feminism. Amongst the criticism of radical-libertarian is the hesitation regarding the consensual heterosexuality, as this view provides that such relations can be pleasurable for the women. There have been warnings of dangers of heterosexuality by radical-cultural feminists and they have stated that there can never be a concept of consensual heterosexuality. Thus, this view purports that in a patriarchal society, only lesbians can indulge in consensual sex. Such contrasting views within the feminism perspective open the doors for the same being criticised. The criticism in liberation feminism theory inclu des the claims of manipulating of statistics in order to support the presumption that the gender equality produces higher crime rates in women (Morash, 2017). Janet Saltzman Chafetz, after reviewing the feminist theory made an argument that the present topic amongst the feminist scholars was an intersection of gender, race and class. There has been a range of feminist scholars who stated that there was a need of examining the differences instead of equality. Even though some scholars have stated that this has shifted the focus, the other has stated that this has led to introduction of new conflicts in the feminist studies. There has also been placed an emphasis over the examination of intersection of gender, race and class. And this intersectional perspective has been a focus of women of colour who presented the view that feminism was basically focused upon the experience of middle class white females (Schram and Tibbetts, 2017). In this regard, Amanda Burgess-Proctor provided that there were conceptual factors which led to the difference between the multiracial feminism from the other perspectives. It has been claimed that gender relations did not take place in vacuum and instead men and women were characterized by sexuality, age, race, physical ability, class and other basis of inequality. Also, the focus of multiracial feminism was on the significance of recognizing the manner of intersection system of privilege and power, which interacts on social structural levels. The concept of relationality is the basis of multiracial feminism where the assumption is that people in a group are socially situation in relation to other groups based on their differences. The other factors include social structure and the womens agency in implementation of different approaches and the need of putting focus on the lived experiences of women. This is in addition to the blurred boundaries of criminalization and victimization which are based on false categorization of women as offenders or victims which fails in providing an enhanced understanding regarding the women who indulge in criminal activities (Schram and Tibbetts, 2017). Conclusion Thus, in the preceding parts, effort was made to provide a basic context of the feminist theories regarding crime. Feminism was born in the backdrop of womens movements back in late 1960s and early 1970s. It was born as a concept focused on brining equality of women when it came to the criminal justice system and highlighted the different instances where women are discriminated against in the criminal justice system. For this purpose, the focus is placed on women being deemed as feeble creatures who are not deemed as capable of heinous crimes. However, this perspective successfully highlighted how the same is untrue. The discussion not only highlighted this view, but also criticized the same, where the difference in the branches of this view often seem to clash with each other, making this view unrealistic, particularly when one sect states something and the other says the opposite. Even after all the criticism, the issues raised by feministic perspective cannot be denied and continu e to be true even at the present time. References Alder, C. (1995) International Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. New York: Open University Press. Belknap, J. (2014)The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Scarborough: Nelson Education. Bryson, V. (2016) Feminist political theory. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Connell, R. W. (2014)Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Gelsthorpe, L. (2003) Feminist Perspectives on Gender and Crime: making women count. [Online] Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. Available from: https://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/09627250308553561.pdf [Accessed on: 01/12/17] Gelsthorpe, L., andMorris, A. (1990) Feminist Perspectives in Criminology. New York: Open University Press. Kathleen, D. (2006) Feminist Thinking About Crime. In: Henry, S., and Lanier, M.M. (eds) The Essential Criminology Reader. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Westview Press. Kruttschnitt, C. (2013) Gender and crime.Annual Review of Sociology,39, 291-308. Miller, J. (2003) Feminist Criminology. In: Schwartz, M.D., and Hatty, S.E. (eds) Controversies in Critical Criminology. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co, pp. 15-27 Morash, M. (2017) Feminist Theories of Crime. Oxon: Routledge. Pinnick, C., Noretta K., and Almeder, R. (2003) Scrutinizing Feminist Epistemology: An Examination of Gender in Science. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Rosenfeld, B., and Penrod, S. D. (2011)Research methods in forensic psychology. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Schram, P.J., and Tibbetts, S.G. (2017) Introduction to Criminology: Why Do They Do It?. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publication Ltd. Simpson, S. S. (1989) Feminist theory, crime, and justice. Criminology, 27(4), 605-632. Smart, C. (1976) Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.