Shakespeare’s Use of Ovids Metamorphoses and Virgils Aeneid as Basis

Shakespeare’s Use of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid as Basis for The Tempest William Shakespeare, as did most scholars of his time, took the reason for the accounts he composed from different writings. He would utilize source sonnets or folklore so as to compose his own works. Romeo and Juliet, for instance, can be contrasted with the awfulness of Pyramus and Thisby. Plays, for example, Richard III and Julius Caesar are aesthetic records of noteworthy occasions. The Tempest, be that as it may, is normally seen as a unique story. Numerous pundits feel this was the main story of his that was altogether made by Shakespeare. This isn't the situation. Actually, there are a few sources from which he especially drew motivation for this story. Shakespeare utilized traditional writings for a large portion of his plays, and The Tempest is no special case. Two of the tales from which Shakespeare drew a large portion of his motivation were Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's The Aeneid. Both are all the time utilized in the development of stories or works that have come after, and my aim here is to show exactly how they were utilized in the composition of The Tempest. The Aeneid recounts to the tale of a Trojan warrior named Aeneas, who is the child of Venus (the Roman goddess of affection) and Anchises, a Trojan sovereign. The story happens in the12th century B.C., after the Trojan War, which was begun when the Trojan ruler Paris allured Helen, the spouse of the King of Sparta, and returned her to Troy. In counter, a Greek armed force pursued a 10-year war on Troy, leaving the once extraordinary city and the greater part of its kin crushed. After the war, Aeneas, alongside others that got away from the pulverization, heads out looking for another home. Their excursion takes them towards Sicily and Italy, and this I... ...07. Knapp, Charles. The Aeneid of Vergil, books I-VI, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid, with presentations, notes, and jargon by Charles Knapp. Chicago: Foreman and friends, 1928. Mandelbaum, Allen. The Aeneid of Virgil: A Verse Translation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Mill operator, Frank Justus. Ovid's Metamorphoses in Two Volumes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916. Pitcher, John. A Theater of the Future: 'The Aeneid' and 'The Tempest'. Essays in Criticism 34:3 (1984): 193-215. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare: Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. 1661-86. Tarantino, Elisabetta. Morpheus, Leander, and Ariel. Review of English Studies 48:192 (1997): 489-98. Wiltenburg, Robert. 'The Aeneid' in 'The Tempest'. Shakespeare Survey 39 (1987): 159-68. Shakespeare’s Use of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid as Basis Shakespeare’s Use of Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's Aeneid as Basis for The Tempest William Shakespeare, as did most authors of his time, took the reason for the narratives he composed from different writings. He would utilize source sonnets or folklore so as to compose his own works. Romeo and Juliet, for instance, can be contrasted with the awfulness of Pyramus and Thisby. Plays, for example, Richard III and Julius Caesar are imaginative records of memorable occasions. The Tempest, be that as it may, is usually seen as a unique story. Numerous pundits feel this was the main story of his that was altogether made by Shakespeare. This isn't the situation. Truth be told, there are a few sources from which he particularly drew motivation for this story. Shakespeare utilized old style messages for the vast majority of his plays, and The Tempest is no exemption. Two of the tales from which Shakespeare drew the vast majority of his motivation were Ovid's Metamorphoses and Virgil's The Aeneid. Both are all the time utilized in the development of stories or works that have come after, and my aim here is to outline exactly how they were utilized in the composition of The Tempest. The Aeneid recounts to the narrative of a Trojan warrior named Aeneas, who is the child of Venus (the Roman goddess of affection) and Anchises, a Trojan ruler. The story happens in the12th century B.C., after the Trojan War, which was begun when the Trojan ruler Paris enticed Helen, the spouse of the King of Sparta, and returned her to Troy. In reprisal, a Greek armed force pursued a 10-year war on Troy, leaving the once incredible city and the majority of its kin crushed. After the war, Aeneas, alongside others that got away from the obliteration, heads out looking for another home. Their excursion takes them towards Sicily and Italy, and this I... ...07. Knapp, Charles. The Aeneid of Vergil, books I-VI, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid, with presentations, notes, and jargon by Charles Knapp. Chicago: Foreman and friends, 1928. Mandelbaum, Allen. The Aeneid of Virgil: A Verse Translation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Mill operator, Frank Justus. Ovid's Metamorphoses in Two Volumes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1916. Pitcher, John. A Theater of the Future: 'The Aeneid' and 'The Tempest'. Essays in Criticism 34:3 (1984): 193-215. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. The Riverside Shakespeare: Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997. 1661-86. Tarantino, Elisabetta. Morpheus, Leander, and Ariel. Review of English Studies 48:192 (1997): 489-98. Wiltenburg, Robert. 'The Aeneid' in 'The Tempest'. Shakespeare Survey 39 (1987): 159-68.

Changing roles of men and women in Australia

Changing jobs of people in Australia Right, job, opportunity for ladies and changing job among people was addressed in today society. Particularly in Australia an exceptionally multicultural country where one out of four of its 22 million individuals were brought into the world abroad, have a parent who was and 4,000,000 communicate in a language other than English. This paper will bring up moving jobs of people by inspecting womens rights in various parts of that multicultural society, for example, Health, Work, Politics, Popular culture, Home family and Education. Give up back to the 1930s. Around then, the men worked and earned cash. The dads were for the most part far away from their youngsters. Though, the ladies just remained at home and dealt with home and youngsters. It was commonly acknowledged that womens jobs were as Kindergartener and home-manager. In different words their fate were getting hitched, having Childs and committing their lives to the solicitations of their spouses and youngsters. This was a piece of the way of life that people comprehended their places in the public eye and acknowledged it. Besides, it was accepted that if ladies work after the marriage, they were slack in their obligation to their spouses and kids. It additionally could be viewed as being remiss their commitment to the country. This is on the grounds that at those days developing the quantity of the countries populace was one of the most significant issues. Thusly, individuals accepted that settling the countrys populace was womens obligation. Therefore simply unmarried ladies frequently had steady employments. A working wedded lady was viewed as taking a keeps an eye on work, anyway they were paid not as much as men. Notwithstanding, Marriage and separation laws supported men regarding guardianship of youngsters and rights to property. Those were these sorts of imbalances. In the Second World War deficiencies of work brought about by such a significant number of men joining the military opened the entryway for some more ladies to work. That was the start of progress. Numerous ladies took up employments that had previouslydominated by guys, for example, Politics, military undertakings, logical research. In addition ways of life changed. Innovation has created and it was improving people groups ways of life and local jobs were changed by the development of clothes washers, vacuum cleaners and power. For some ladies this assisted with sparing a great deal of time in housework. In this manner since they have increasingly extraordinary chances to read and contribute for society and following their advantage. Numerous ladies have now arrived at higher circumstances inside governmental issues, the occupations and even business in Australia. Further more the presentation of the preventative tablet permitted individuals to all the more effectively plan their fa milies and choose to space their kids. That got a reduction the quantity of kids in every family. It additionally permitted wedded ladies to seek after vocations without the concern of pregnancy meddling with their arrangements. Moreover, much laws has been set up that reason to make equivalent open doors for ladies in the workspace, for example, great compensation, childcare, hostile to separation and rules against lewd behavior. For instance during the 1980s ladies took driving jobs in the countries issues. In 1981 Senator Janine Haines turned into the principal lady pioneer of a significant ideological group the Australia democrats. In 1986 Justice wed Gaudron was the principal ladies to turn into an appointed authority of the High court and 1989 Rosemary Follett turned into the primary female boss pastor of the ACT (Bereson 2001, p.3). What's more, as of late Julia was first sworn as the 27th Prime Minister of Australia on 24 June 2010. She was not conceived in Australia however she is a transient. This occasion doesn't just mean yet in addition affirms the incredible job of ladies in Australian culture. As an outcomes Australia has gotten one of the primary countries on the planet giving ladies the rights to cast a ballot and to be situated in parliament. From that the ladies in Australia currently accomplished higher situations inside legislative issues. It is not, at this point thought about that these open doors are not accessible to ladies. Surely Besides governmental issues, ladies likewise progressively fruitful in a wide range of fields, for example, craftsmanship and culture, sports, even in business. For instance Louise Sauvage won a gold award in Sydney Olympic Games 2000 (Costain 2003, P.4). Robin Archer-a lady of numerous gifted she is a vocalist, author and a chief. She was imaginative Director at Melbourne celebration craftsmanship in 2003 (Costain 2003, P.12). Indeed, even conventional associations, for example, religion, holy places have changed their perspectives towards ladies, for instance the Anglican Church in the mid-1980s in Melbourne acknowledged ladies to be appointed as clergymen. Today in optional schools and colleges a larger number of ladies than men taught, and a larger number of ladies than men progressed in four year certifications in college. In 2006, ladies compensate for 54.8 percent of all tertiary instruction understudies and 47.5 percent of all understudies took a crack at instructional classes and professional training. The basic were participated in the public eye and culture, the executives and trade, friendliness, food ventures, and individual administrations courses. Likewise there are more than 30 percent of independent company administrators in Australia are ladies. Ladies hold 57 percent the Australian open assistance workforce and 36 percent of senior official circumstances. (Ladies towards balance) The changing jobs of ladies and more prominent support in all degrees of society, has prompted the job of men to change. Men are presently expected to be a piece of a family supervisory group. In the other word they are prepared to impart household work to their better half. That never under any circumstance occurred in 1930s. This has caused tension in men with customary foundations. They don't know of their jobs any more. Anyway actually, ladies are still in a harder circumstance than men when it ways to deal with occupations and work as a rule. Kid care can be hard to make sure about and is frequently excessively expensive. For instance if a kid is sick it is typically the mother who will probably take as much time as necessary off work to take care them. The more prominent duties of showing kids, which are as yet considered womens obligations, imply that it is so extreme for ladies to get all day work particularly in occupations requiring additional time. Along these lines, rather than full time ladies typically need to do easygoing occupations or low maintenance. The vast majority of these works are not vocation orientated positions, so it isn't feasible for ladies to arrive at higher situations in their work. Besides womens participation is particularly solid all through basic culture. Womens picture in film cuts, motion pictures, magazines, network shows, papers and even news developers is regula rly as a sexualized enrichment. There for Women have regularly been oppressed, particularly on lewd behavior, even busy working. Eventually, any change likewise has different sides. Despite the fact that the situation of ladies in Australia society has been affirmed, it additionally implies their duty is heavier. Particularly in certain fields that require physical qualities, predominant aptitudes and wellbeing. These things ladies are sub-par compared to men. Anyway all series of accomplishment referenced above assisted with separating conventional thoughts regarding what ladies could or couldn't do. It made ladies progressively noticeable in open society and empowered them to lead experience that were much closer to mens lives in standings of freedom and determination.

Easy and Fun February Writing Prompts

Simple and Fun February Writing Prompts February can be an extreme month for some understudies with not very many if any days off. Many school locale the country over don't take Presidents Vacation day. Following is a rundown of subjects and composing prompts for every day of February. These can be utilized any way you see fit in your group. They are incredible as warm-ups or diary passages. February Holidays American Heart MonthBlack History MonthChildrens Dental Health MonthInternational Friendship MonthResponsible Pet Owners Month Composing Prompt Ideas for February February 1 - Theme: National Freedom DayOn this day in 1865, Abraham Lincoln marked the Amendment that would ban servitude once it was sanctioned. On the off chance that subjection was banned with the thirteenth amendment, for what reason were corrections 14 and 15 needed?February 2 - Theme: Groundhog DayAccording to climate information kept since 1887, the groundhog at Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania has just been exact 39% of the time. For what reason do Americans despite everything praise this day despite the fact that its exactness is so low?February 3 - Theme: Elmos Birthday (Sesame Street Character)What was your preferred TV program as a little kid? Which characters do you recollect most? Why?February 4 - Theme: Rosa Parks BirthdayPretend you were Rosa Parks in 1955. What might you have felt like as you chose not to surrender your seat to a white man?February 5 - Theme: National Weatherpersons DayMeteorology is the investigation of the environment, particularly as it identifies with the climate. Do you believe that being a meteorologist would be a troublesome activity? Why or why not? February 6 - Theme: Monopoly First SoldWhat is your preferred table game? Clarify why you like it.February 7 - Theme: Charles Dickens BirthdayIn the past, people who didn't have the cash to take care of their tabs were tossed in indebted individuals jail, a subject which is key in a significant number of Charles Dickens books. Do you believe this is a fitting discipline for not having the option to cover off your tabs? Why or why not?February 8 - Theme: Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts (Officially Boy Scout Day)Were or would you say you are a kid or young lady scout? Assuming this is the case, what's your opinion of your encounters as a scout? If not, do you wish that you had taken an interest in the scouts? Why or why not?February 9 - Theme: Chocolate (Founding of Hersheys Chocolate)Describe your preferred sweet treat. You can decide to do this as composition or as poetry.February 10 - Theme: Chinese New YearIn the western schedule, a jump day happens like clockwork. Be that as it may, in the Chinese schedule, a jump month occurs about at regular intervals. Think of and clarify at any rate three issues that may emerge if the west chose to utilize this schedule rather than the one that is presently use. February 11 - Theme: National Inventors DayHave you at any point think of a thought for a creation? Assuming this is the case, depict it. If not, what do you believe is the best innovation of the twentieth century.February 12 - Theme: Abraham Lincolns BirthdayAbraham Lincoln stated, Most people are as cheerful as they make up their brains to be. What do you think he implied by that quote? Do you think its true?February 13 - Theme: International Friendship MonthDo you have any companions that live in another nation? Provided that this is true, clarify how you became companions. If not, if you somehow happened to turn into a penpal with somebody from a remote nation, which nation would you pick? Why?February 14 - Theme: Valentines DayWho do you care about the most? For what reason do you care for them to such an extent? Explain.February 15 - Theme: Susan B. Anthonys BirthdayAt the time that womens testimonial went, there were numerous ladies who contended against giving ladies the opti on to cast a ballot. For what reason do you think this was?February 16 - Theme: American Heart MonthWhat do you do to lead a sound way of life? What do you figure you could enhance (e.g., eat better, practice more, and so forth.)? February 17 - Theme: Random Acts of Kindness DayHave you at any point played out an irregular demonstration of consideration? Provided that this is true, clarify what you did and why. If not, think of an irregular demonstration that you can perform later today and clarify your plan.February 18 - Theme: Pluto DiscoveredWould you ever think about going out traveling to the moon? Why or why not?February 19 - Theme: Phonograph was PatentedHow do you purchase and tune in to music today? How does this vary from the manner in which your folks did it? As you would see it, how have these progressions influenced music and the music industry?February 20 - Theme: Responsible Pet Owners MonthDo you or does your family own a pet? In the event that so what kind of pet right? What are the advantages and disadvantages of possessing a pet?February 21 - Theme: Washington Monument DedicatedHave you at any point been to Washington, D.C.? For what reason do you imagine that the country has made landmarks like the Washington Monument or the Jefferson Memorial? Do you think they are significant images? Why or why not?February 22 - Theme: George Washingtons BirthdayThe story that George Washington couldn't lie when inquired as to whether he chop down a cherry tree isn't accurate. It was composed after his passing. Clarify why you figure a memoir may make a story like this when expounding on somebody celebrated who they appreciate. February 23 - Theme: Iwo Jima DayDo you believe that you might want to join the military sooner or later? Why or why not?February 24 - Theme: Andrew Johnsons ImpeachmentTwo presidents have been denounced: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. Be that as it may, no president has really been expelled from office. It just takes a basic dominant part of the House of Representatives to be reprimanded (or fundamentally saw as liable of a wrongdoing). In any case, it takes 2/3 of the Senate to expel a president from office. Clarify why you think the establishing fathers made this so difficult?February 25 - Theme: Paper CurrencyWhat are the advantages and disadvantages of having paper cash as opposed to hefting around coins made of gold, silver, or some different valuable metal?February 26 - Theme: Grand Canyon EstablishedWhy is it significant for the national government to ensure and oversee regular fortunes, for example, the Grand Canyon?February 27 - Theme: National Strawberry DayWhat is your preferred organic product? What do you like about it? On the off chance that you don't care for any natural product, clarify why not. February 28 - Theme: Republican Party FoundedWhich ideological group do you think speaks to your perspectives the most? For what reason do you think this is so?February 29 - Theme: Leap DayExplain how an individual could coherently guarantee that they have possibly had 8 birthday events when they are really 32 years of age.

Sharing your Results Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sharing your Results - Assignment Example The system utilized in the exploration involved a down to earth approach whereby crude outcomes were utilized to plan the theory. What's more, assessment of the companies’ benefits taking into account their creation limit showed the requirement for organizations to build up a viable showcasing plan that will have the option to catch either the whole market or a particular specialty of clients. The exploration showed that the two organizations utilized promoting as a way to catch the objective populace for their items and administrations. It was likewise settled that underlying statistical surveying would give the best option in contrast to the organizations to acquire a top to bottom comprehension of the market and purchasing patterns. Another significant viewpoint in controlling shopper conduct incorporated the need to draw in new clients and to hold them. Given that the organizations sell comparable items, for example, espresso, it is significant for them to have a viable promoting plan that will make an expanded client base. Starbucks is a café chain and a worldwide espresso organization situated in Seattle, Washington. The organization was begun in 1971 as an espresso bean program and retailer and has become quickly over the time. It is one of the biggest espresso organizations on the planet, with 13,049 in the USA while in different nations as China, Canada, Japan and the UK there are 1,909, 1,555, 1,089, and 927 stores separately. Abroad puts away up to 33% of the whole organization demonstrating its more extensive geological range to potential clients (Michelli, 2007). The organization serves both hot and cold drinks including Whole-bean espresso, full-leaf teas, small scale ground moment espresso, baked goods and bites. Likewise, their night areas offer a wide assortment of brews, canapés and wines after 4 pm. Then again, Costa Coffee is a worldwide café organization situated in Dunstable, United Kingdom. It is likewise an around the world

MS Beaton Outsiders Essay Topics

MS Beaton Outsiders Essay TopicsMS Beaton Outsiders essay topics are diverse in nature. But they also vary from the way MS college students write the essays as to the length of time that they spend working on the assignment.Many college students feel it is a necessary part of their writing experience to learn how to write essays on any topic. Essays in high school are a great way to allow the student to share his/her thoughts and opinions. By taking an MS essay writing class, students can take the next step toward being able to have their ideas read and analyzed by other students and professors.MS Beaton Outsiders essay topics are varied. There are different themes for the essay, as well as different styles of writing. The essay questions that students have to answer will vary based on the writing assignment they are assigned.In MS college writing classes, the writing assignment for the class is to write a first-person essay to answer one question about an issue. The assignment will be made up of paragraphs. The paragraphs should be organized in a logical manner. The more detailed the essay, the more difficulty it will take to write it.MS beaton outsiders essay topics may include national news, history, foreign policy, business, or religion. The degree of information required in a first-person essay will vary, but all of them involve first-person information, as it is a unique way of communicating.It is not easy to find good writing help, and it is not advisable to pay someone to write the MS college essay for you. It is also not advisable to hire someone to ghostwrite your essay.It is best to do your research and hire someone to write your essay. But, many people choose to do their own writing by reading essays by professional writers and determining how they made the choice to write a certain kind of essay.The goal for the essay is to prove to the teacher that the writer has what it takes to do the type of work that will be expected of him/her when it comes t o MS college writing. The essay topics will also demonstrate to the teacher that the student has what it takes to do the assignments.

The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece - 1375 Words

The Birth of Science in Ancient Greece (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorCourseDateFlame of Miletus: The Birth of Science in Ancient GreeceIntroductionThe Birth of Science in Ancient Greece is a story of the beginning and developments of science in the Aegean coast, Athens and Alexandria, and eventually throughout the world. The chaos and disorder that existed in the world was brought to an end starting in the early first millennium BC. This happened in Miletus and other Greek Cities such as Athens and Alexandria, starting with the migration of the Hellenes to the coast of Asia Minor through Aegean. This new form of order was first established by three Hellenic tribes that took part in the exodus; Aeolians who settled on the northern part of Aegean on the shores of Asia Minor, the Ionians who settled on the southern parts of Aegean and the Dorians who settled further south towards the peninsulas of Anatolia. The Greek culture then grew from an ancient state where it was the cruel gods of the earth that called the shots, as de scribed by Homer in the odessey and the Iliad. The developments that followed this series of migration and settlement on different parts of Aegean has been described by different historians and philosophers from Greece.Thales, also known as the Father of Western Philosophy did not believe that the order and development of things in the world were as a result of the work of gods. He was well learned in science of the East and came up with some of the greatest scientific discoveries including the prediction of solar eclipses and measurement of shadows of objects to estimate distance and locations. Thales is also remembers for diverting a river to achieve a better position for the Milesian army against an enemy city. Thales also brought contributed to some of the order in the world today by discovering the process of rational enquiry also known as the essence of all matter. Through rational inquiry Thales managed to ask what modern science today considers to be the right questions in s cience. He believed that the world was a by-product of some material substance that was the base of all other substances. He believed that water was the single formative substance of the universe whose inner mechanics brought all other things into being, rather than the gods.Parmenides is also another Milesian thinker that contributed towards the order and harmony in Greece and the rest of the world today. He argued that the world as it is, is just as reflection of a pure and holistic Reality. He went on to argue that this reality is always present and that the past is a mere present memory. He added that Reality always is and that the notion of determining some distant origin in life is an absurd idea. This is because the material objects that exist in life today must have come into being from somewhere.Another great Milesian thinker that contributed to the current order and harmony in the world was Pythagoras, an astute mathematician who was a deep mystic especially in Orphic myst eries. The discerned geometric patterns. He believed that these patterns made up the world and also that they were religious formulas that opened up the deeper realities of the spirits that lay beyond the visible world.Zeno is one of the Greek Stoics who believed that the world was under the rule of a divine plan and that whatever happens in the world happens for a reason. He believes that the ultimate virtue of nature was to live in accord with the divine plan and that human beings should learn to accept their fate with indifference. Zeno took a slightly different take from pother Greek philosophers and he sought to give humans a stable basis for inner peace and ethics given the chaotic face of the world and the hostile environment. Like other Stoics, Zeno strived to participate actively in the world affairs and fulfill his duty to the greater worldwide community. This is what led to the belief that the good of life as it is today includes justice, bravery, self-control and cultiva ting intelligence.Another brilliant natural philosopher from Greece was Democritus who developed the Leucippusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ atomist theory of the cosmos. He argued that the world is so minute, unchanging, and solid, and made out of eternal or indivisible atomic particles that are suspended in an airy void. He believed that just two things truly exist in the universe; the void and the atoms in it. It was Democritusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ theory that led to the current modern scientific concept of atoms that are forever in existence, and do not change in form. He argued that life comes into existence as a result of what comes out of the atoms, wears down and dies eventually but that they all produce the vibrant qualities that form the nature of all living things as we know them. He also proposed the eternal principle of undergirding such arrangements or motion of the atoms, implying that the quality of motion is also eternal. His mechanistic theory is what formed the basis of modern science includi ng his contributions in embryology, which involves the study of the behavior and growth of biological life. He also came up with the concept of evolution as he saw human life and form as a development that arose out of the ancient structure of mud and water, for example worms.Anaximander is responsible for the order of things in the scientific world today as he continued with the intellectual tradition set forth by Thales. He is mostly known for publishing Concerning Nature, and also for the fact that he objected Thalesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ theory that the universe was a by-product of just one substance; water. Instead, Anaximander believed that the universe was formed from some kind of formless and primal material that was found infinitely throughout all forms of creation. He also believed that the universe would eventually turn into the same form...

The Battle of the Java Sea in World War II

The Battle of the Java Sea occurred on February 27, 1942, and was an early naval engagement of World War II (1939-1945) in the Pacific. With the beginning of fighting in the Dutch East Indies, Allied forces attempted to unite to slow the Japanese advance south towards Australia. This saw a combined American, British, Dutch, and Australian fleet formed to protect Java. In late February, this fleets Eastern Strike Force, led by Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, engaged the approaching Japanese in the Java Sea. In the resulting engagement, Doorman doggedly attacked the Japanese but proved unable to halt their advance. The battle concluded with the loss of the light cruisers HNLMS De Ruyter and Java as well as Doormans death. In the wake of the fighting, the remaining Allied ships fled though most were destroyed in separate actions a short time later. Background In early 1942, with the Japanese rapidly advancing south through the Dutch East Indies, the Allies attempted to mount a defense of Java in an effort to hold the Malay Barrier. Concentrating under the unified command known as American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command, Allied naval units were divided between bases at Tandjong Priok (Batavia) in the west and Surabaya in the east. Overseen by Dutch Vice Admiral Conrad Helfrich, ABDA forces were badly outnumbered and in poor condition for the approaching fight. To take the island, the Japanese formed two major invasion fleets. Japanese Attacks Along the Malay Barrier. US Army Center for Military History Japanese Sighted Sailing from Jolo in the Philippines, the Japanese Eastern Invasion Fleet was spotted by ABDA aircraft on February 25. This led Helfrich to reinforce Rear Admiral Karel Doormans Eastern Strike Force at Surabaya the next day with several ships from the Royal Navy. Upon their arrival, Doorman held a meeting with his captains to discuss the upcoming campaign. Departing that evening, Doormans force consisted of two heavy cruisers (USS Houston HMS Exeter), three light cruisers (HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java, HMAS Perth), as well as three British, two Dutch, and four American (Destroyer Division 58) destroyers. Sweeping the north coast of Java and Madura, Doormans ships failed to locate the Japanese and turned for Surabaya. A short distance to the north, the Japanese invasion force, protected by two heavy cruisers (Nachi Haguro), two light cruisers (Naka Jintsu), and fourteen destroyers, under Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, slowly moved towards Surabaya. At 1:57 PM on February 27, a Dutch scout plane located the Japanese approximately 50 miles north of the port. Receiving this report, the Dutch admiral, whose ships were beginning to enter the harbor, reversed course to seek battle. ABDA Commander Rear Admiral Karel Doorman2 heavy cruisers, 3 light cruisers, nine destroyers Japanese Commanders Rear Admiral  Takeo TakagiRear Admiral Shoji Nishimura2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, fourteen destroyers The Battle Begins Sailing north, Doormans exhausted crews prepared to meet the Japanese. Flying his flag from De Ruyter, Doorman deployed his ships in three columns with his destroyers flanking the cruisers. At 3:30 PM, a Japanese air raid forced the ABDA fleet to disperse. Around 4:00 PM, Jintsu spotted the re-formed ABDA ships to the south. Turning with four destroyers to engage, Jintsus column opened the battle at 4:16 PM as the Japanese heavy cruisers and additional destroyers came up in support. As both sides exchanged fire, Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimuras Destroyer Division 4 closed and launched a torpedo attack. Exeter Disabled Around 5:00 PM, Allied aircraft struck the Japanese transports but scored no hits. At the same time, Takagi, feeling the battle was drifting too close to the transports, ordered his ships to close with the enemy. Doorman issued a similar order and the range between the fleets narrowed. As the fighting intensified, Nachi struck Exeter with an 8 shell that disabled most of the ships boilers and created confusion in the ABDA line. Badly damaged, Doorman ordered Exeter to return to Surabaya with the destroyer HNLMS Witte de With as an escort. The Sides Close Shortly thereafter, the destroyer HNLMS Kortenaer was sunk by a Japanese Type 93 Long Lance torpedo. His fleet in disarray, Doorman broke off the battle to reorganize. Takagi, believing the battle was won, ordered his transports to turn south towards Surabaya. Around 5:45 PM, the action was renewed as Doormans fleet turned back towards the Japanese. Finding that Takagi was crossing his T, Doorman ordered his destroyers forward to attack the approaching Japanese light cruisers and destroyers. In the resulting action, the destroyer Asagumo was crippled and HMS Electra sunk. Repeated Attacks At 5:50, Doorman swung his column around to a southeast heading and ordered the American destroyers to cover his withdrawal. In response to this attack and concerns about mines, Takagi turned his force north shortly before sunset. Unwilling to give in, Doorman steamed away into the darkness before planning another strike on the Japanese. Turning northeast then northwest, Doorman hoped to swing around Takagis ships to reach the transports. Anticipating this, and confirmed by sightings from spotter planes, the Japanese were in position to meet the ABDA ships when they reappeared at 7:20 PM. After a brief exchange of fire and torpedoes, the two fleets separated again, with Doorman taking his ships inshore along the Java coast in another attempt to circle around the Japanese. At approximately 9:00 PM, the four American destroyers, out of torpedoes and low on fuel, detached and returned to Surabaya. Over the next hour, Doorman lost his last two destroyers when HMS Jupiter was sunk by a Dutch mine and HMS Encounter was detached to pick up survivors from Kortenaer. A Final Clash Sailing on with his four remaining cruisers, Doorman moved north and was spotted by lookouts aboard Nachi at 11:02 PM. As the ships began to exchange fire, Nachi and Haguro fired spreads of torpedoes. One from Haguro fatally struck De Ruyter at 11:32 PM exploding one of its magazines and killing Doorman. Java was hit by one of Nachis torpedoes two minutes later and sank. Obeying Doormans final orders, Houston and Perth fled the scene without stopping to pick up survivors. Aftermath The Battle of the Java Sea was a resounding victory for the Japanese and effectively ended meaningful naval resistance by ABDA forces. On February 28, Takagis invasion force began landing troops forty miles to the west of Surabaya at Kragan. In the fighting, Doorman lost two light cruisers and three destroyers, as well as one heavy cruiser badly damaged and around 2,300 killed. Japanese losses numbered one destroyer badly damaged and another with moderate damage. HMS Exeter sinks during the Second Battle of the Java Sea, March 1, 1942. US Naval History Heritage Command Though soundly defeated, that the Battle of the Java Sea lasted seven hours is a testament to Doormans determination to defend the island at all costs. Many of the remaining units of his fleet were subsequently destroyed at the Battle of the Sunda Strait (February 28/March 1) and the Second Battle of the Java Sea (March 1). Many of the wrecks of those ships lost at the Battle of the Java Sea and the subsequent actions have been destroyed by illegal salvage operations.